Influence of Ambush Predators on Pollinator Behaviour in Goldenrod Ecosystems

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate how the presence of ambush bugs, or predators, (Phymata americana) affects the behaviour of insect pollinator species, Apocrita spp. on goldenrod (Solidago spp.) inflorescences. In ecosystems where these interactions occur, it is important to understand the dynamics between predators and pollinators as it can influence both species’ populations and the overall health of the ecosystem. The hypothesis proposed that pollinators would avoid flowers with predators present, leading to a lower visitation rate. To test this hypothesis, a field experiment was conducted where pollinator interactions were observed under two conditions: predator presence and predator absence. Over three rounds of observation we recorded the number of pollinators that approached and landed on the goldenrods. The results showed a significant decrease in pollinator visitation in the presence of ambush bugs, supporting the hypothesis. Specifically, the mean number of pollinators approaching and foraging was lower in the experimental treatment, (when predators were present) compared to the control treatment (t-test, p < 0.05). This study highlights the complex dynamics of predator-pollinator interactions and suggests that ambush predators can significantly impact pollination by altering the behaviour of their prey. Understanding these interactions is essential for ecological management and conservation strategies aimed at maintaining healthy pollinator populations, especially in light of the ongoing decline of many pollinator species.